![]() The concept of LLPS was first raised by Dr. Recently, this mystery driving force has been ascribed to the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of macromolecules. However, there are many organelles, such as nucleolus, paraspeckle, and stress granules, which maintain stable structure and separated spaces without membranes, while the underlying mechanisms remain a mystery. As well known, some big cellular organelles, including the nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and endoplasmic reticulum, are compartmentalized with membranes. The main form of compartmentation is achieved by the membranes, which separate a cell into individual spaces by surrounding like walls. To ensure the accuracy of independent tasks, a cell is compartmentalized into different departments for each specialized task. A cell can be thought of as a busy “factory”, running a variety of different tasks at the same time.
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